L’oreal’s Way to Success in the European Haircare Products Industry Essay Example

L’oreal’s Way to Success in the European Haircare Products Industry Essay L’oreal’s Way to Success in the European Haircare Products Industry Introduction: L’oreal, the name of the cosmetics giant, appears with high frequency in nearly all world-class newspapers and magazines in recent times. There is a striking headline in the Independent (London, England) on Feb 21, 2004 p54, â€Å"LOreal builds on two decades of growth as profits soar. † The news is â€Å"Loreal has set its sights on notching up two decades of consecutive annual double-digit growth after reporting a 13. 5 per cent rise in profit last year. † Lindsay Owen-Jones, chairman, showed his confidence for the rate of internal sales growth next year. Maybe it is not too difficult for a company to rank first of its annual sales growth. But it seems a mystery for a company to keep its position of market-leader in the world with annual double-digit growth for 19 years and even more enigmatical for a company in the cosmetics industry. How can L’oreal compete against its rivals and gain today’s success? Let’s go back to 1997. At that time, L’oreal was the market leader in France and at the end of June, after considerable coordination between company headquarters and subsidiaries, Lindsay, stated the company’s new mission : Make L’oreal Elseve a leader throughout Europe. We will write a custom essay sample on L’oreal’s Way to Success in the European Haircare Products Industry specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on L’oreal’s Way to Success in the European Haircare Products Industry specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on L’oreal’s Way to Success in the European Haircare Products Industry specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Though shampoo was used by 83. 5% of the population, there was little brand loyalty and it was extremely difficult to create any. A widespread belief in Europe is that changing shampoos frequently was good for the hair because otherwise it would get used to a particular shampoo and the result would not be so satisfactory. The important reason is that shampoo is a product which can help L’oreal penetrate into all households by all kinds of people. Leadership in the shampoo could give L’oreal a considerable boost in its brand recognition and make it accessible to the young customers and males. The ardousness ahead of L’oreal was obvious. This article will base on L’oreal, the pilgrim’s progress, to analyze what critical success factors of L’oreal are to create its competitive advantage and how L’oreal has successfully sustained its advantage with the marketing strategy to underpin its position step by step in the European haircare market. Critical Success Factors of an Organization Critical Success Factors in General Johnson Scholes states (p. 151) that critical success factors (CSFs) are those product features that are particularly valued by a group of customers and, therefore, where the organization must excel outperform competition. † Hooley et al (1998, p. 45) thought that â€Å" The essential factors in choosing how to create the competitive advantage are that it must be on a basis of value to the customer (lower prices, superior quality, better service). ?Core Competences: Hamel and Prahalad (cited Lynch 2003, p. 235) said t hat â€Å"Core competence are a group of production skills and technologies that enable an organization to provide a particular benefit to consumers †¦. hey act as a fundamental resource of the organization. † Johnson Scholes (2002, p. 156) thought that the most important feature of core competence is robust, i. e. being difficult to imitate. The aim can only be obtained through the constant innovation. The following is the analysis of L’oreal’s critical successful factors. ?Resources Creating Competitive Advantage 1. Processes, Products, Services 2. Human Resources 3. Information 4. Financial Resources Porter (1985) suggests that the above four kinds of resources can create a competitive advantage and that cost leadership and differentiation strategies could be adopted. The analysis of L’oreal’s success will be illustrated as follows. L’oreal’s critical successful Factors ?Core competences: Constant research and innovation— the determinant of L’oreal’s competitive position 1. Historical analysis: L’oreal was founded in 1907 by the chemist Eugene Schuller, since then the Group carried on the tradition that put research at the centre of his development strategy. From the review of L’oreal’s history, it is obvious that result of research and innovation is the determinant of its competitive position. . 978: Elseve had a positioning as a shampoo for damaged hair and was seen as too rich, too nourish and too heavy to be used on a daily basis. But at this time, the frequency in the use of shampoos increased dramatically and shampoos which has the hasteristic of being gentle and mild enough to be used every day became more appealing to consumers. Timotei, Ultra Doux and MIxa baby a baby s hampoo became the market leader because it was as so mild that it can be used every day. When planning Elseve’s brand extension, L’oreal decided to offer separate products for frequent and less- frequent shampooing. This gave rise to products such as Elseve Baslsam, Elseve Frewuence, Elseve Volume Nd Elseve for oily hair. But the positioning has not made much improvement. 1987: Following a new product launched by Timoei, the market had its new trend: active ingredients were in fashion and products started to introduce natural ingredients. The Elseve products were renewed and L’oreal decided to target new market segments. The idea was to offer products for all types of hair, enriching the formula with a different active ingredient for each type of hair. 994: L’oreal developed a silicone-based formula which treated each stand of hair individually, leaving it very soft and easy to comb as it was thoroughly detangled. Consumers noticed this immediately and Elseve successfully enter the normal hair segment of the market. Thereafter, L’oreal profited from the advantage of polyesters and silicone. The successful combination of the two ingredients in the shampoo formula gave Lâ€⠄¢oreal a major advantage over its competitors and escalated its competitive position. 1995: The company launched Elseve Multicitamines and added the Technicare line to the Elseve product range. Elseve Multivitamines used a silicone-based formula that tested better than the composition of Procter Gamble’s silicone-based Pantene which at the time was the European market leader. Launching Elseve Multivitamines enabled Elseve to increase its target segments, addressing not only consumers with damaged hair or other hair care problems bur also people with normal hair. The new formula was the milestone of L’oreal’s shampoo battle. The innovation of research brought a series of good results: increase of sales and so did prices. The high revenue made it possible to increase the advertising budget, further increased its market share. Since then, with the leading position of the new skills and constant development as well as successful implementation of marketing strategy, L’oreal went steadily towards its No 1 position. 2. Panorama of Research Development in today’s L’oreal: The continuous innovation has helped L’oreal gain its competitive advantage and kept on escalation of its competitive position, from a French leader to be a European Leader and now the world leader. L’oreal regards research as the heart of the business. The investment in research is much higher than that of its rivals. 1)Delicate combination of Research and Marketing: a)A balance between the creative RD and marketing-led RD has kept L’oreal launching new viable products continuously. i. Advanced research: this is a long-term research with the aim of developing new ingredients, better understanding and improving the effectiveness of new ingredients and products as well as better understanding its toxicological effects. For example, marketers wanted a natural fruit-based shampoo range for the European market. It took 10 years of hard RD to develop the formulae for the Fructis range. L’oreal is reasonable to give scientist freedom to work on their long-term ideas. Ultimately, in July 1996 in France tests showed spectacular results of the Fructis range on the quality of hair. Within the first six months alone, it had sold nearly 5 million units and since then it has helped L’oreal capture 28 percent of the European shampoo market by being rolled out into not only European market but also in Scandinavia, Russia and Chile. On the health front, an International Safety Assessment Department of L’oreal looks in-depth at the toxicological profile of all the ingredients used and assesses the safety and tolerance of all formulations before they are used and put on the market. ii. Applied research: this level takes over ideas from both L’oreal’s own advanced research and from what has been done outside the company to refine new materials and put them into practice. It will take a long time to evaluate its effectiveness, its acceptance in use. For example, Research Institute in Chicago is dedicated to advanced research to improve understanding of the properties and specific requirements of the skin and hair of people of African descent.. 2)During the development work of new product, it is quite important of the researchers not lose sight of industrial reality. There more formal contacts between scientists and marketers which is unusual in other companies. Some formal meeting held usually including the contents such as: one day per month to discuss the progress of current projects; two or three meetings per year for the scientists to reveal their goodies to the marketers. )Renovating faster than competitors: In the hypercompetitive market conditions, it is no longer enough to plan for sustainable positions. In order to gain advantages, firms must be prepared to pre-empt imitation by others. With continuous launch of new products and brands, L’oreal hopes to make a strong and immediate impact on the market. ?Resources Creating Competitive advantages: Companies can add value by creating competitive advantage through the incremental management of the following resources. 1. Processes, Products , Services: )Selecting Raw materials and close relationship with suppliers: L’oreal pay much attention on the selection of the raw materials. With the aim of product safety and effectiveness, all the 2,800 raw materials used are continuously being renewed at a rate of 150 a year. The suppliers all over the world manage L’oreal to obtain the highest natural ingredients. L’oreal set out to promote and develop the use of raw materials from natural, renewable sources. In 2002, 39. 7% of their raw materials in volume terms came from plants. These new raw materials are the product either of LOreal Research or of research carried out by suppliers. A constructive ongoing dialogue with its suppliers plays an important role during the process. Using this diversified approach, progress has already been made in raw material selection. Partnerships allow them to establish a close, long-term relationship with suppliers based on innovation, safety and quality. 2)Reducing operating cost of products: It streamlines packaging, gains economies of scale in the aggressive management of the top performing brands. Elseve (Elvive, ElVital) shampoo bottles have been improved and now require almost 25% less material, which equates to almost 450 tons of polyethylene a year saved. In addition to this reduction, the indirect effects on transport and recycling are also minimized. 3)Address possible segments: L’oreal has made an elaborate and deep study so as to address possible market segments. It has divided up the total European market according to the geographic segmentation, age, gender, typology, nature of hair, washing frequency, and amount used (See Appendices 1 to 4). The aim of L’oreal is to â€Å"seeks to make accessible to women and men all over the world†. L’oreal launched the brand L’oreal’s Studio Line for men and P’tit Dop for children. 4) Market Targeting: L’oreal makes deep and thorough survey about the people’s attractiveness of different European countries. For example, Germany was more price-oriented than other countries, so using the strategy of price reduction can increase Elvital’s market share increased significantly. Another example is that Spain was the European country with the most greasy and least straight hair. The market accepted the introduction of new products that contained technological innovations. Natural ingredients were very well accepted. 5)Umbrella brand strategy: Competing with a number of different L’oreal brands enabled the company to position its products in more market segments and compete for market leadership by adding all together sales for its different brands. At the same time, product cannibalism was avoided by designing different positioning strategies: every single product invested in creating its own personality. )Broadest Distribution channels: L’oreal is able to make its most advanced technologies available to a large number of people. All the Group’s brands, particularly those whose purpose is to provide a wide group of people with the most innovative products at affordable prices, make the latest discoveries more accessible. 7)Communications Srategy: L’oreal’s communications strategy involves signing contracts with major intern ational stars from the world of show business and fashion to make them the spokespersons for specific items. In the UK, Jennifer Anniston, an actress on the leading TV sitcom â€Å"Friends† was chosen as the brand spokeswoman. Jennifer Anniston transmitted a modern, powerful image because she was a famous actress and very popular among generations aged 15 to 35. She was also very admired for her beautiful, stylish hair. The Ceramide R molecule , which was able to â€Å"Wash the strength back into your hair. † , was claimed by its advertising for the entire range in the UK. Delicate design of the advertising helped Elvive capture more than a 6% market share in 1997, and rose to 8% in the following year, making it the second –ranked brand on the market. Another example is about the leading brand Elvive. Elvive tries to capture the essence of pleasure using advertisements that sound tempting: â€Å"Because I’m worth it. †, says L’oreal. (Principle, Kotler, p. 459) 2. Human Resources: 1)Implement the best possible working conditions and try to make employee relations as personal as possible. 2)Recruit talented people from multicultural backgrounds and develop diversity. 3)Offer Sharing achievements: In 2003, LOreal paid a total of â‚ ¬43 million in bonuses under the WPS scheme for the 2002 financial year, equivalent to an average of two weeks salaray. 4)Motivate people, particularly through a highly dynamic approach to remuneration and mobility. )Promote personal and professional development through the training programs offered by the Continuing Education and by comparing experiences. 6)Developing partnerships with Universities: The Groups involvement with universities has been stepped up and it now maintains 120 close partnerships all over the world. These ta ke different forms, including: financial backing for chairs, such as those at Oxford (Business School) 3. Information Resources: Information is one of the most basic ingredients of a successful marketing strategy. (Keegan, p. 189) Another job for applied research mentioned above in L’oreal is to watch the competition. About 20 people in L’oreal do nothing else but surfing the web and getting hold of 1,000 new products of other companies. Between 700 and 800 of them are examined in minute detail. 4. Financial Resources: Strategy is influenced and constrained by the financial resources of a company. John Scholes said (p. 348), â€Å"The advantage of ‘deep pockets’ is that a competitor can withstand an intensive competitive war. The organizer can gain competitive knowledge worldwide and also move resources wherever they are necessary either to preserve their own interests or to tackle competition. L’oreal’s success in the European started after it created its competitive advantage in its financial resource. In 1995, the success of new formula allowed L’oreal to increase the price of Elseve products by 20%. Increased revenue meant that Elseve could spent more on advertising. This enabled Elseve to address more segments with differentiated messages, thereby further increasing its market share. The Marketing Environment Kotler et al (1997, p. 64) stated that â€Å"Managing the marketing functions would be hard enough if the marketer had to deal only with the controllable marketing-mix variables. The company operates in a complex environment (macro- and micro- )which consists of uncontrollable forces and actors which affect the company’s ability to perform well. Successful company is able to analyze its environment and so that it can avoid the threats and take advantage of the opportunities. ?The Macro-Environment This consists of a number of broader f orces that affect the company, which are largely uncontrollable, a new product or marketing program is likely to be more successful if it is in-line with strong macro environmental trends rather than opposing them. 1. Political: Political changes in the 1990s meant that almost all trading nations function with market –based economies and their trade policies have tended to encourage free markets between nations. (Johnson , p. 105) Governments are breaking up monopolies and introducing more pro-consumer legislation concerned with making the customer the ultimate decider on what will and will not to be produced. (Wright, p. 5) 2. Economical: With the adoption of the euro as a standard currency, many political boundaries will fall. By removing currency conversion hurdles, the switch will likely increase cross-border trade. (Kotler, et al , p. 59) 3. Social cultural/Natural: There is an increasing convergence of markets world. In some markets, customer needs and preferences are becoming similar 4. Technological: The fast development of technology is the key characteristic of environmental turbulence. It brings the high innovation turbulence. New technology creates new markets and opportunities and also ma kes markets and companies obsolete. ?The Micro-Environment: It includes the company itself, suppliers, customers, and competitors as well as public. The above analysis of L’oreal’s critical successful sectors has made relevant detailed statement. SWOT Analysis: Understanding the environment, taking good advantage of the opportunities and avoiding the threats are important elements of L’oreal’s success. SWOT analysis is useful for a good understand of L’oreal. Strength: L’oreal’s high speed of renovation (over 3,000 new formulas) and the absolute competitive advantage of technology provide solid barriers for the potential entrants to entry. Its products cover all possible segments. The aim of L’oreal is to â€Å"seeks to make accessible to women and men all over the world†. L’oreal is able to make its most advanced technologies available to a large number of people in all areas of products. All the Group’s brands , particularly those whose purpose is to provide a wider group of people with the most innovative products at affordable prices, make the latest discoveries more accessible. It can be said that L’oreal has managed to satisfy the desire of different segments of buyers. All these strength made it quite difficult to be substituted, at least provide the delay of being substituted. L’oreal is adept at continuously bringing innovation to the marketplace and maximizing the use of established brand names with new products targetd at these subsegments and niches. The advanced research result make many promising question marks become stars. Based on the solid financial resources, the stars will become cash cows as their markers mature. So many stars and cash cows of L’oreal shine actively in the world. Every product’s advantage is temporary, and will be eroded. However, long-term advantage of L’oreal maybe sustained through a series of temporary advantages. Weakness: L’oreal is present in 130 countries, has 290 subsidiaries. Because of social and cultural difference, it is not easy to make the management is efficient in each subsidiary. The large distribution may meet unexpected trade trouble because of political risks, such as loosing all control, ownership of assets and market access. (Bradley, p. 133) Opportunities: In 1995, the French haircare products market was saturated at that time. The success of the new fomula made L’oreal occupy the capability to enter the European market. The opportunities to enter the European market gave L’oreal a shot in the arm. Globalization and deregulation as well as the emerging of European Union speeded up the entry. In haircare industry product, customers’ needs and preferences of different countries are becoming more similar. The trend of healthy and shiny hair has gained popularity. All these opportunities offered L’oreal more space to develop. Threats: Facing powerful threat from world famous brands of Procter Gamble, Unilever etc, L’oreal has had to invest heavily in innovation. The Group has 3 percent of consolidated sales devoted to research, 2823 people engaged in cosmetics and dermatological research, 501 patents registered in 2002. By comparison, Procter Gamble, Unilever, spend only 1. 7 percent and 1. 5 percent respectively of their cosmetics turnover (which is 20 percent lower than that of L’oreal in any case. The threat can be low if L’oreal can keep on developing patents and launching new formulas faster than other Group. (Brassington Pettitt, p. 385) Conclusion: L’oreal’s opportunities outperformed the rivals’ threats and its weakness seemed much less important than its strength. The whole trend of environment is in favor of L’orealâ €™s progress. It can be convincible that L’oreal’s powerful core competence of constant innovation and flexible, efficient marketing strategy has forged and sustained L’oreal’s success and bring it a bright future. References: . Kotler, P. , and Armstrong, G. , 1997. Marketing: an Introduction. 4th ed. Harlow: Prentice Hall. 2. Wright, R. , 1999. Marketing: Origins, concepts, Rnvironment. 1st ed. London: Thomson Learning. 3. Doyle, P. , 2000. Value-based Marketing: Marketing Strategies for Corporate Growth and Shareholder Value. 1st ed. Chichester: John Wiley Sons, Ltd. 4. Keegan, W, J. , 2002. Global Marketing Management. 7th ed. Person Education, Inc. 5. Bradley, F. , 2002. International Marketing Strategy. 4th ed. Harlow: Prentice Hall. 6. Brassington,F. , and Pettitt, S. 2003. Principles of Marketing. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson education limited. . 7. Kotler, P. et al . 2001. Principles of Marketing. 3rd European ed. Harlow: Pearson education limite d. . 8. Johnson, G. , and Scholes, k. , 2002. Exploring Corporate Strategy. 6th ed. Harlow: Prentice Hall. 9. Hooley, G. J. , et al. 1998. Marketing Strategy Competitive Positioning. 10. Porter, M. E. , 1985. Competitive Advantage. Free Press. 11. Prahalad, C. K. , and Hamel, G. , The core Competence of the Corporation. Harvard Business Review (May/June 1990), p. 79-91.

10 Tips for Taking Notes

10 Tips for Taking Notes 10 Tips for Taking Notes 10 Tips for Taking Notes By Maeve Maddox Winston writes: On my job, part of my responsibility is doing transcription. Often I attend scientific meetings and have to [take notes]. The notes/minutes are written as indirect quotes. Can you please give some guidance on taking meeting notes and minutes? The purpose of taking minutes at a meeting is to create a record that can be used later to verify what took place. Minutes need to be accurate, but they dont need to be lengthy. My suggestions are based on the idea that the notes are going to be handwritten. 1. Keep your notes together. Use a bound notebook like a school composition book. Loose sheets of paper are easy to lose and its easy to tear out the wrong page in a spiral notebook. 2. Have more than one pen or pencil with you. 3. Sit close to the podium or wherever most of the speaking will take place. 4. Have a clear idea of what you plan to do with the notes youre taking. The purpose of a conference-goer is not the same as that of a club secretary. 5. Take advantage of the kindness of others. For example, if youre taking notes for a club or a business meeting, pass around a sheet for attendance. Ask officers and members to give you copies of their reports and motions. 6. Follow the agenda. Begin by noting the place of the meeting and the time at which it begins. Take things down as they happen. You can always rearrange things in a more logical order when you type up your notes. 7. Write down the exact words for motions. 8. Write legibly. Write as fast as you can, but dont scribble. If you dont know shorthand, youll need to use your own symbols and abbreviations. Dont be too creative. What you meant by AGMP may not be so obvious the day after the meeting. 9. Be accurate. Spell everyones name correctly. If youre taking notes in a chemistry course, youd better get the names of the chemicals right. If necessary, buttonhole people after the meeting to double check on anything youre not sure of. 10. Type up your notes as soon as possible after the meeting. Cold notes are hard to decipher. Type them up the same day if possible. Bonus tip from Sharon in a previous DWT post. Here are some web sources that go into the subject in more detail: Taking notes at a business meeting Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:"Because Of" and "Due To" Latin Words and Expressions: All You Need to KnowIs "Number" Singular or Plural?

The Importance of I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings Essay

The Importance of I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings - Essay Example Angelou at first made a decision to create the autobiography because very few had been published for young African American girls in America. She aimed to show to her fellow people that in spite of the hindrances and the miseries they suffered, there was an overflowing wit and love to be felt and experienced in the African American society (Elliot 1989). Certainly, the narrative has a quite definite importance for young African American girls. This essay will attempt to provide an account of the importance of Maya Angelou’s highly celebrated autobiography. Oprah Winfrey, in her interview with Angelou in 1993, explained how significant the story was to her because she was able to see her own experience in the narrative (Megna-Wallace 1998). However, in spite of her novel objectives, Angelou discovered that when she started writing the narrative her audience and thoughts transformed (Megna-Wallace 1998): â€Å"I saw it was not just for black girls but for young Jewish boys and old Chinese women† (p. xii). The fame of the autobiography survives not merely because it keeps on being instructive on subjects of gender and race, but also due to its complete story of survival. This importance of I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings deals with the general and specific components of the autobiography of Angelou. It starts with an emphasis on the literary components of the narrative: its main themes, setting, plot, genre, perspective, and others. This literary importance sketches the journey of Angelou from a timid, anxious, and lonely girl to an adolescent who endures countless frustrations and pains and becomes known as a self-sufficient and confident young woman. The importance of the narrative involves particular topics raised by the story and the specific historical event it depicts. An importance such as this presupposes that a literary piece like I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings is a vibrant tale of not only a single

EGT3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

EGT3 - Essay Example This type of economic regulation may prevent competition in the market. Industrial Regulation has an impact on various entities. For national firms which operate in a monopolistic or oligopolistic market, regulation is a boon. Regulation helps in the development and growth of these industries. An example could be companies working in oil and power sector. Regulation is also beneficial for small and mid size industries which would find it tough to survive in the absence of regulations because of intense global competition and the realization of economies of scale by big international firms. An example is small and mid-size firms in Textile manufacturing. Industrial Regulation has negative impacts on multi-national firms who want to expand their businesses internationally but are constrained due to regulation. An example is regulation on FDI in retail in several sectors. Regulation is also harmful for consumer as a whole in certain sectors where competition would actually reduce prices. However, in sectors mentioned above such as drugs and ammunition, regulation is useful for society as a whole. (Joskow,Rose). Social Regulation implies the restrictions imposed by the government in order to prevent or prohibit harmful corporate behaviour such as environmental pollution and occupational health hazards or to promote desirable behavioral patterns. Social regulation has an impact on almost everybody. This includes the corporate, end-consumers, shareholders and the environment. The corporate have to adhere to certain standards to be in business which have attached costs in the short run. The end-consumers are positively affected as social regulation leads to a better holistic environment. A monopoly is a form of market in which almost all the sales in the market go to a single firm. A natural monopoly is a situation constrained by technology or costs in which it is optimal for the entire production to be done by a single firm.

Psychology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Psychology - Assignment Example For her, it was Mr. Cotton who raped her and she believed that with all of her conviction. Our schema is such that once we think something, that memory has a tendency to remain unchanged. Jennifer made her choice, and in the subsequent trial, was so sure Mr. Cotton was the rapist that she exhibited physiological symptoms that further accentuated her belief that he was the one. I believe that Mr. Cotton was wrongly accused as well because his face was one from which Jennifer got to choose. As our schema influences what we look for in any given situation, Mr. Cotton just having a mug shot for her to look at must mean he was a criminal and therefore the one who attacked her. This only furthered her belief that he was the right choice. I think this story shows that no matter how hard we try to get it right, our brain may have different ideas. We have a preconceived idea of how things should work and how things interact with each other in our world, and once we make a decision, we tend to believe in it, no matter who tries to change our mind. Unfortunately for Mr. Cotton, the jury having been told that Jennifer had positively identified him as her attacker was a further nail in his coffin. They believed that she hadn’t made any mistakes, and so their memory when they got back to the jury room was that he must be the one, he was identified as such.

Principles Of Crop Science Environmental Sciences Essay

Principles Of Crop Science Environmental Sciences Essay The increasing population of the world has led to great issues dealing with demand and supply. This in turn leads to advancements in various scientific and cultural techniques to use the limited available resources in an effective way. The alarming issue in the recent days like urbanization, scarce area for agriculture, limited availability of resources and food security has led to development of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) to resist against pest and weeds. Among various issues coming up, this paper mainly discusses about the major crop management practices to improve crop for high yield and profit which is equally as important as GMOs. Crop management practices There are various methods of crop management practices, varying according to the types of resources used, climate and various other natural factors that involves the type of management to choose. Crop management involves growing crops on a massive scale, by involving methods like tillage, crop rotation, inter cropping, culling, composting, pest control and weed management, effective resources capture, irrigation techniques and hybridization. Few of the major management techniques are discussed below. Weeds, Pests and Disease control The European Weed Science Society defines weed as any plant or vegetation, excluding fungi, interfering with the objectives or requirements of people. Reduction of crop yield is the major reason for attempts to reduce weed population in arable crops. The first attempts at controlling weeds used manual labour and hand-hoeing which, at present days is a time consuming process. Thus a major development was the development of herbicides (Naylor, 2002). The worldwide efficacy in controlling weed (68%) was considerably higher than the control of animal pests or diseases (39% and 32%, respectively). The continuous use of herbicide and pesticides led to the appearance of resistant biotypes of weeds and pests, playing major role in contamination of the environment [2]. In the recent days the integrated weed management (IWM) approaches plays a vital role as they incorporate multiple tactics of prevention, avoidance, monitoring and suppression of weeds, undergirded by the knowledge of agro ecosystem biology. The development of IWM was motivated by a desire to provide farmers with systematic approaches to reduce reliance upon herbicide and retard the selection of herbicide-resistant biotypes. [5] Worldwide, pre-harvest and post-harvest losses to insects, weeds, and plant pathogens are estimated at 45 percent additional losses can be attributed to vertebrate pests. Selection of resistant varieties, rotation crops, crops for inter plantings and cover crops is important for successful crop production with minimal inputs of chemical pesticides and fertilizers. Studies say that the use of pesticides has not solved the pest problem completely and in the past 50 years, insecticide use has increased tenfold, while crop losses from pest damage have doubled. Thus still there are studies being carried on pest control. The natural methods of control is more preferable for three major reasons like cost, safe to people and safe to environment also has no side effects. [4] Pests and diseases impact on crop yield and quality, and also reduce resource-use efficiency. Improved crop protection strategies to prevent such damage and loss can increase production and make a substantial contribution to food security. (Advances in plant disease and pest management, J. A. LUCAS,2010) Irrigation technique Irrigation is the method of artificial application of water to the land or soil. It is used to assist in the growing of agricultural crops, maintenance of landscapes, and rejuvenation of disturbed soils in dry areas and during periods of inadequate rainfall. The basic principle of irrigation is to help plants on evapo-transpiration process which plays a vital role in transportation of nutrients from soil to any part of the plant. In simple words it is expressed as More water supply More transpiration More CO2 More dry matter More yield More Profit There are various types of irrigation techniques varying upon the climate, nature of soil, nature of vegetation. In general, the goal is to supply the entire field uniformly with water, so that each plant has the amount of water it needs, neither too much nor too little. The earliest methods of irrigation were the perennial, basin and the terrace irrigation and the recent days developments were the sprinkler (gun sprinkler, portable solid-set sprinkler, pivot systems, side-roll sprinkler etc) and micro irrigation (drip irrigation). The type of irrigation technique plays a major role in the crop yield. But each irrigation systems have its own limitations and thus it is very important to choose the most suitable irrigation technique for particular variety of crop, after studying its various properties on its growth and development. For example, a study made in the western United States corn belt showed variation in the yield differing between the pivot and surface irrigation. Therefore choosing the right way of irrigation method is also an important way of crop management [3] 2.3. Resource capture The principle of resource capture is to provide a framework through which the productivity of vegetation can be analysed through the capture and conversion of environmental resources. The most basic resources that a plant would obtain are from the atmosphere and soil. The plants obtain carbon dioxide, light, temperature, and humidity from the atmosphere, whereas obtains water and other mineral nutrients from the soil. So resource capture is classified as the above ground and below ground resource capture. The crops depend on light for growth and depend on day length and temperature for its development. In the below ground resource capture, key natural resource which provides the most essential forms of nutrients for the plants growth which is associated with the integrated effect of management on most properties of soil that determines the sustainability and crop productivity is the soil. Good soil quality not only produces good crop yield, but also maintains environmental quality and consequently plant, animal and human health.. Growing of crops one after another without giving due consideration to nutrient requirement has resulted in decline in soil fertility, especially of nitrogen. Studies say that Zero- or reduced tillage crop production practices, coupled with proper residue management can maintain or improve soil organic matter and has the potential to substantially increase long-term crop production in semi-arid rain fed regions. [1] Conclusion Naylor, [1] Long-term soil management effects on crop yields and soil quality in a dryland Alfisol K.L. Sharmaa,*, Uttam Kumar Mandala, K. Srinivasa, K.P.R. Vittala, Biswapati Mandalb, J. Kusuma Gracea, V. Ramesha , Soil Tillage Research 83 (2005) 246-259 [2] Advances in weed management strategies C.M. Ghersaa,*, R.L. Benech-Arnoldb, E.H. Satorreb, M.A. Martà µÃƒâ€šnez-Ghersaa, Field Crops Research 67 (2000) 95 ±104 [3] High-yield irrigated maize in the Western U.S. Corn Belt: II. Irrigation management and crop water productivity Patricio Grassinia, Haishun Yangb, Suat Irmakc, John Thorburnd, Charles Burre, Kenneth G. Cassmana,à ¢Ã‹â€ -, Field Crops Research 120 (2011) 133-141 [4] Some agrometeorological aspects of pest and disease management for the 21st century Joyce Fox Strand, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 103 (2000) 73-82 [5] Targeting the farmer decision making process: A pathway to increased adoption of integrated weed management R.S. Wilson a,*, N. Hooker e, M. Tucker d, J. LeJeune c, D. Doohan b, Crop Protection 28 (2009) 756-764

Essay --

When Osama Bin Laden was killed by US Navy Seals in May 2011, strategists of the world took notice . While this incident was of great importance to an apparently stagnant global war on terror, the fact that the mastermind behind the insurgent juggernaut al Qa’ida was able to hide inside a supposed ally’s borders is of far graver concern. Regardless if Pakistan was complicit in or ignorant of Bin Laden’s sanctuary, Pakistan proved they are incapable of policing their borders to a level that satisfies the world community. US intelligence officials estimate Pakistan has anywhere from 110-200 nuclear weapons . According to George Tenet, â€Å"the most senior leaders of al Qa'ida are still singularly focused on acquiring WMD [weapons of mass destruction].† Allowing an insurgency with nuclear ambitions to flourish is inexcusable. As the war in Afghanistan winds down, the insurgent threat in the region is not going away. Irregular conflict will continue a nd the area where the US and its allies need to pay particular attention is Pakistan. Our strategy should be a globally unified effort to strengthen the Pakistani security structure while removing any potential source of an insurgency. To combat the likely difficulties in implementing this strategy we must focus on not limiting our strategic goals, embrace unity of effort as the only means to winning, and we must remain flexible in an unknown future. There are a number of obstacles that threaten to make implementing such a strategy either ineffective or impossible. Professor Colin Gray from the Centre for Security Studies at the University of Hull discussed such sources of difficulty in 1999. He argued three reasons as to why it is â€Å"difficult to do strategy well:† First, its very na... ...ture is to accept that it is unknown, and focus the unified effort on the worst possible scenario. In the case of Pakistan, that worst case scenario is obvious: insurgents getting a WMD. This nuclear threat might be the catalyst that drives competing agencies to look beyond their differences towards a very clear and common goal. Gray concludes his article with this reminder to future strategists: â€Å"You do not have to win elegantly; you just have to win.† If our strategists remained focused on â€Å"winning† we can hopefully hinder the inevitable difficulties in doing strategy well. If we do not let the difficulty of such a lofty goal limit our strategic goals, if we use the dire consequences of failure to force competent unity of effort and we don’t let an unknown future distract us from the primary goal, it is entirely possible that we can indeed â€Å"win† in Pakistan.

Corporate Environmental Responsibility: the Performance of Cadbury

Nowadays, more people tend to focus on environment issues of corporation because they are the main factors of causing pollution to the earth and impact to the ecological system. Cadbury is the world fourth biggest manufactory of chocolate, it had done a seriously rainforest destruction as a result of their business requiring large amount of raw materials that are collect from natural resources (Cadbury's Shareholders Find Palm Oil Leaves a Bitter Taste 2004). This essay examine the performance of Cadbury and how they dealing the problems with raw materials as well as the effect on the environment and stakeholders. Cadbury used to be a small beverage shop in 1824, after merging with Schweppes to form Cadbury Schweppes, it acquire more companies after that and today it became one of the largest confectionery company ( history of Cadbury n. d. ) and also one of the largest multi-national corporation (business service industry 2008). The starting main purpose of Cadbury is not creating new brand that people love but is to raise the shareholder value and they already succeed in achieving this purpose twenty years ago (Cadbury Schweppes 2004). After that they have just started to change their business target to create new brand that people love. Cadbury detected that there is a rare bacteria named â€Å"Salmonella† affecting numbers of their product and it is believe due to the leaking pipe, but they are not paying attention to this serious matter. Eventually, Cadbury was prosecuted because of countering health and safety legislation in the year 2007 and was fined 1 million pounds for their irresponsible performance which is also definitely effect the profit of stakeholders(Defying a Reputational Crisis – Cadbury’s Salmonella Scare: Why are Customers willing to Forgive and Forget? 009). Today, Cadbury franchise such as India, USA, Canada have treated CSR as the key to the success of business comparing to the past; they believe that the responsible for environment, health and safety are very important to minimize the impact of environment, It is also important that they can become a profitable and effective company by this way and they will surely proud of what they have done (CSR helps businesses keep ta bs on environmental, social impact 2010). In order to fulfil society needs, Cadbury continuously launched 23 kinds of chocolate and keep improving their quality to the best from the year 1865 until today. Besides, Cadbury is the first company to provide pictures on the product instead of printing text on the product. There are also many special event held by Cadbury such as giving away some souvenirs products and also a redeem event for their customer to get further item by purchasing their products. (History of Cadbury n. d. They also certified their chocolates as Fair-trade products by labelling it on the products to decrease the public pressure (Cadbury goes Fairtrade2009). Impact on Environment Since manufacturing chocolate require large amount of raw materials, Cadbury discover palm oil is the most basic and cheapest secret ingredient to make chocolate instead of using cocoa butter which require higher cost. Unfortunately, this lead to the serious deforestation problem that not only effected the environment but also man y animals is killed. New Zealand's Auckland Zoo is the place where the primary deforestation took place and this was considered as a threat to most of the wild life that inhabited in that area especially Orangutan, they have became â€Å"the orphans of the palm oil† because most of their parents are killed during the deforestation(Palm oil costs Cadbury trusted title 2010). Auckland Zoo has also stop stocking Cadbury’s chocolate anymore to express their protest. (Auckland Zoo bans Cadbury chocolate due to palm oil content 2009). Auckland Zoo also organise an organisation in Facebook which is â€Å"Anti Palm Oil Community (APOC) â€Å"to focus the serious of the deforestation issue which destroy 300 rugby fields every hour(APOC). Besides, in order to meet the production target, the company always hired a lot of worker but those workers that are working in the palm oil are often poorly treated. Cadbury has an† Ethical Trading Policy† but they have totally neglect the importance of environment and the human rights issue (Cadbury's Shareholders Find Palm Oil Leaves a Bitter Taste 2004). Cadbury also claim that the palm oil they used is â€Å"green and sustainable† as they have their own certificate system, but they have just pretend to use 2,800 tonnes of palm oil which is recorded in the certificate instead of the actual amount of 40,000 tonnes of palm oil. (Green wash of the week: Cadbury’s ‘green palm oil’ claim 2009)They are ignoring the severity of environment impact they have done, just to emphasize on their profit; the stakeholders also faced a serious losses from this case. One of the serious problem that environment faced is the global warming and it is caused by the widen hole of atmosphere. According to the scientific research, every single litre of milk produce approximately 900g of Carbon dioxide. Carbon trust is having a carbon footprinting project and discovered that more than 60% of the Carbon dioxide is produced by the Cadbury’s dairy cows farm(We've had drumming gorillas, now Cadbury takes on burping cows 2009). Cadbury’s dairy cows farm play the most important role in this incident as the cows produced 80~120kg of methane per year which is similar as a family car and was release to the atmosphere that eventually widen the hole of atmosphere. This methane emission is actually produced with the burps of the cows due to the incorrect diet. (Cadbury to curb methane emissions from burping dairy cows 2009)They did not pay attention for their animals as raising animals required a lot of effort by adjusting the stay and diet of the animals. Cadbury’s intension overcome environment issues Cadbury’s plan to replace cocoa butter with palm oil has caused a serious damage to environment and also a lot of complain by consumers as palm oil is a complex and unhealthy ingredient. In order to fulfils their Environment, Health and safety policy they have no choice but to cut down adding palm oil into chocolate. The deforestation that took place at Auckland Zoo has also caused the company’s reputation to drop. (Cadbury dumps palm oil after consumer protests 2009)With the cut down usage of palm oil, they believe it could at least, save their reputation from dropping too much. Dealing with the climate change is also one of their target improvements in environment. Cadbury has announced that they have 17% reduction of water consumption by improving their manufacturing progress in the year 2006 which is also act in concert with the World Water day (Cadbury Reduces Water Consumption by 17 Percent 2009). Cadbury eventually launch a strategy plan â€Å"Purple goes green† in the year 2008 and set their target to reduce unnecessary consumption while producing chocolates especially to reduce the emission of carbon dioxide by 50% in the year 2020. They have successfully in achieving part of their target within a year with reducing the usage of packaging and the emission of carbon dioxide; they have also successfully saved 4 millions litre of water per year (Cadbury-Purple goes green 2008). For the next two years, they have a further target which is to ensure the packaging they used is 60% biodegradable. Besides, Carbon dioxide that produced with the burps of the cows is also a serious problem that destroys the environment. Cadbury has already worked together with the dairy farmer to figure out a better way to reduce carbon footprint from the milk chocolate (Cadbury’s works to reduce bovine emission 2009). They provide dairy farmers a guild to lower the emission through scientific research by changing the diet of cows to a balance nutritional. It is believe it will definitely reduce the emission problem by 50% in the year 2020 which is also part of their â€Å"Purple goes Green strategy†. (Cadbury Partners with Dairy Farmers to Reduce Carbon Footprint 2009). Packaging is also one of the factors causing impact to environment. Cadbury has worked hard to figure out a better way of packaging their products to minimize the impact to environment. Their target is to achieve 100% biodegradable by 2010 and they have co-operated with plantic technologies limited since 2002. (Responsible packaging 2007)Plantic do a lot of research at the research centre to invent a better biodegradable and non-toxic materials to advance the packaging technologies. Cadbury has replaced the roses tin with cardboard box and successfully made a brand new packaging production for Christmas and seasonal gifts (chocolate swallows millions of our dollars in an easter eating frenzy 2010) which not only reduce the weight by 45% but also saved 200 tonnes of steel. (Cadbury replaces Roses tin with cardboard box 2009)In the year 2008, Cadbury has awarded the best green packaging for its new product- Eco-eggs, with the special wrapping style as the products only used very limited materials to complete. Cadbury has successfully decreased the usage of plastic material by 247 tonnes and cardboard by 115 tonnes in the year 2008 for packaging their products. (Cadburys-‘Eco-eggs' 2008)In this case, Cadbury has successfully proved their effort of saving the environment by achieving their â€Å"Purple Goes Green† target and this is also helping the stakeholders to gain more profit. Cadbury also carry out an environmental research with Earthwatch in the year 2005 in order to have a better understanding as well as improving the quality of cocoa in Ghana. Their research focus on the quality of cocoa and try to invent a better way for farming cocoa bean in Ghana with increasing number of farmers in order to get the best production(Cadbury n. d. ). Cadbury not only provided financial support but also get itself involved in this research to show their intension upon improving environment issue. Concluding remarks Cadbury’s social improvement is obviously, although they did wrong sometime because they have placed profit as the most important role in business . From New Zealand's Auckland Zoo case, it has reflected Cadbury only concentrate on their profit but neglect the most importance issues which is how society will treat them and this has caused Cadbury’s reputation to drop. Besides, even they have discovered that a rare bacteria is affecting their products, they did not pay attention to the serious matter which is possible to become a threat to health. As a result, they neglect the importance of environmental issues and caused serious damage to environment such as deforestation and also confronting the social protest. However, Cadbury’s intension on improving the environment aspect of their business is strong and with wised planning, they have been doing this for almost a century. With the â€Å"Purple goes green strategy† and the reduction of carbon dioxide emission, water usage and packaging materials usage, they have shown their dedication on improving environment issues, trusting that achieving the environment, health and safety policy are the keys to the succeeds of business, not only just becoming a profit-oriented company but also become a environmentalist company. References http://news.mongabay.com/2009/0712-auckland_zoo_palm_oil.html http://news.mongabay.com/2009/0817-cadbury_nz.html http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/press_releases/cadburys_shareholders_find_20052004.html http://www.environmentalleader.com/2009/03/31/cadbury-reduces-water-consumption-by-17-percent/ http://www.csrwire.com/press_releases/13811-Cadbury-Partners-with-Dairy-Farmers-to-Reduce-Carbon-Footprint

Free Essays on Romeo And Juliet And West Side Story

The Parallels of Romeo and Juliet and West Side Story In the world today, problems exist due to common differences. The two plays, Romeo and Juliet and West Side Story, show conflict between people because of who they are, where they are from, and what they look like. In the two above-mentioned plays, the story lines show how people and groups can cause grief and sorrow toward one another. The characters also show how people can overcome their differences because of a common cause. When Romeo arrives at Juliet’s tomb, he finds her dead, when in actuality she took a drug to make it seem like she was dead. She awakens to find that Romeo has poisoned himself because he though Maria had truly died. When Juliet awakens she is overwhelmed by Romeo’s death and stabs herself with a dagger. The two families, the Capulets and the Montagues, realize what they did to each other and reconcile. West Side Story parallels Romeo and Juliet in the scene where Tony is running around the courtyard yelling for Chino to kill him. Tony and Maria spot each other and immediately start running towards each other. Chino arrives and shoots Tony; he later dies in Maria’s arms. The two gangs reconcile and assist each other in carrying Tony’s body away. These two scenes were the climax of the two plays, which was the most interesting scene to me. In both plays, the two main male characters die. Romeo dies by a poison he obtained because he could not live without Juliet. Tony is frustrated with Chino, Maria’s brother, because he would not let them see each other. Chino could not get past their love and ends up killing Tony. In the plays, one female character kills herself and the other lives. Juliet awakens to find her true love dead; this is too much for Juliet and she cannot live without Romeo, so she takes her own life with a dagger. As Maria sees Tony die, she does not kill herself. Maria realizes she knows things will get... Free Essays on Romeo And Juliet And West Side Story Free Essays on Romeo And Juliet And West Side Story The Parallels of Romeo and Juliet and West Side Story In the world today, problems exist due to common differences. The two plays, Romeo and Juliet and West Side Story, show conflict between people because of who they are, where they are from, and what they look like. In the two above-mentioned plays, the story lines show how people and groups can cause grief and sorrow toward one another. The characters also show how people can overcome their differences because of a common cause. When Romeo arrives at Juliet’s tomb, he finds her dead, when in actuality she took a drug to make it seem like she was dead. She awakens to find that Romeo has poisoned himself because he though Maria had truly died. When Juliet awakens she is overwhelmed by Romeo’s death and stabs herself with a dagger. The two families, the Capulets and the Montagues, realize what they did to each other and reconcile. West Side Story parallels Romeo and Juliet in the scene where Tony is running around the courtyard yelling for Chino to kill him. Tony and Maria spot each other and immediately start running towards each other. Chino arrives and shoots Tony; he later dies in Maria’s arms. The two gangs reconcile and assist each other in carrying Tony’s body away. These two scenes were the climax of the two plays, which was the most interesting scene to me. In both plays, the two main male characters die. Romeo dies by a poison he obtained because he could not live without Juliet. Tony is frustrated with Chino, Maria’s brother, because he would not let them see each other. Chino could not get past their love and ends up killing Tony. In the plays, one female character kills herself and the other lives. Juliet awakens to find her true love dead; this is too much for Juliet and she cannot live without Romeo, so she takes her own life with a dagger. As Maria sees Tony die, she does not kill herself. Maria realizes she knows things will get...

Chasidim and Old Order Amish A Comparison essays

Chasidim and Old Order Amish A Comparison essays Chasidim and Old Order Amish: A Comparison The two groups to be examined are the Chasidim and the Old Order Amish. We will begin with a brief look at the history of each group. The Chasidim, or Hasidim, as more commonly known, are a cult within the tradition of Judaism. The word Hasid derives from the Hebrew word for pious. Hasidism dates back to the early eighteenth century and originated in central and Eastern Europe. Its founder was a man named Israel ben Eliezer (c.1700-1760). He is otherwise known as the Baal Shem Tov. In Hebrew Baal Shem means, master of the [good] name. It is a title given to men who are endowed with mystical powers. According to Hasidic belief, Adonai (God) chooses these men. The Baal Shem Tov taught a new way of practicing Judaism that was strikingly different than what was considered acceptable at that time. It was his contention that God was everywhere and in all things-including man. There was no need for rigorous study of Torah (the Pentateuch, or Five Books of Moses). A mans education-or lack thereof, is unimportant. Accordingly, an honest prayer from an unlearned Jew is just as powerful than a prayer made by a talmid chachem (an expert in Talmud). The Besht insisted that unity with God was possible through spontaneous prayer, ecstatic emotion, song, and dance. Jews were to embrace their raw emotions, release their passions-and not to suppress them as they might interfere with the analytic study of Judaism. This new way of worship was unlike anything that had been previously seen in Judaism. It appealed to great numbers of Jews, namely the uneducated masses. The rise of popularity of Hasidism was also aided by its timing. As Leo Rosten writes about the Baal Shem Tov in his book The Joys of Yiddish, He brought the excitement of hope into the lives of Polish Jewry, who had been decimat...

South Texas Behavioral Health Center Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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Future of Nanotechnology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Future of Nanotechnology - Research Paper Example With the advancement in the field of nanotechnology, it has been noticed that even the human organs can be regenerated with the application of technology of nano-thin sheets. The regeneration of the human organs is done by layering the thin sheets of tissues which are specifically created with the help of nano-order thin sheets. It should also be noted that the risk of any medical complication have been relatively decreased by large as nano technology has come at the medical forefront. This is mainly because the layers are created by selecting the cells from the patient’s own body (Newell-McGloughlin and Re 2011). This minimized the risk of transplantation reactions, which have been noted in the traditional approaches of regeneration of human organs. Another important fact to be noted here is that with the increase of medical therapies through the aid of nanotechnology, it is being considered that the pace of surgeries is more likely to increase. Consequently, this will help i n the positive patient outcome and lowered risk of health complications (Newell-McGloughlin and Re 2011). Followed by the previously discussed applications of nanotechnology in human life, it should also be discussed that nanotechnology has also made a great contribution in the automobile industry. The reward of the application of nanotechnology in the field of automobile is its light weight of automobiles. Nanotechnology is also useful to produce hydrogen ions from fuels such as, menthol in order to reduce the cost of catalysts in fuels. Intellectuals have noticed that companies with the help of nanoparticles started making batteries. There are two types of batteries on which companies are working these days (Dvorsky 2012). Convention batteries, which will efficiently work, after charging it for a long time and another one is a battery which can be charged in short time, but it works for many hours. Fuel consumption has also been reduced with the help of advancement in nanotechnolo gy. It helps to produce fuel for low-grade raw material, which helps increase the mileage of engines. Moreover, researchers have observed that space flights have become more practical and advanced with the help of nanotechnology (Dvorsky 2012). c. Nanotechnology and Micro machines: Currently, researchers have noticed that nanotechnology has given rise to micro robotic system and development of this system can be observed